It was a real struggle for me to come to a conclusion on how i should approach a comprehensive paper involving the topics of evolution and creationism and their differing ideologies. I have found an overload of information about both of these groups of individuals, but must now find a way to best utilize this information while also taking a stance on the subject. I have concluded that the best way to make a more cohesive paper is to focus in on the arguments discussed between creationist science and biological science. By detailing the intricacies of DNA, the cell, and ultimately macro-evolution, I can better explain evolution and help detract the mind from the psuedoscience that creationist exhibit. This will allow me to use quotes and examples from biologists as well as religious thinkers, and sort of come to a conclusion using "faith" in science and "faith" in religion. I will also talk about how evolutionists and atheists do not try to push their beliefs on others, rather expose information to those who would have been sheltered from knowledge due to many sociological determinants. I also want to harp on the debates raging in classrooms in Britain and Science, and how federal law and scientific backing have discontinued the teach ing of intelligent design within the classroom.
this topic will allow me to both take a pro-evolution stance and allow for the false logic and errors contributed by creationists to be exposed. Richard Dawkins, Biologist and pre-evolution philosopher, relates evolution to a detective showing up at the scene of a crime. They obviously were not present at the time of the incident, but can use information gathered at the location to better explain what happened and why. Just as in any scientific thought that has gained recognition in the history of human discovery, it takes the scientific method and overwhelming support to make a simple "theory" (as defined as an explanation of a phenomena) into a scientific "theory" (as defined as having substantial evidence supporting it, and unanimous agreement across the field). I hope that with this paper, the reader will get a better understanding of the topic of evolution, and also be aware that even though evidence exists to support almost everything that humans believe, there will always be people who take science as a mere study and not concrete fact.
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
Sociological factors
There are many factors that lead to cult beliefs, like those associated with creationist thinkers. Some of these traits are lack of post graduate education. In a poll prepared by GULLY survey, 70% of creationists lack post-GED degrees. Creationists also make up 35% of the total number of kids home-schooled in America. This is to combat the scientific "blasphemy" that is taught through public education. Basically, these severely ignorant parents do not want their kids to gain knowledge, just like the bible forbid the original humans (Adam and Eve0 to eat from the tree of knowledge. pretty twisted stuff if you ask me. Out of the 8 million creationists now present in America, 60% reside south of Mississippi. this means that southerners tend to have creationist sympathies. 92% of creationist thinkers are 2nd generation believers. just another sign that this is a cult that we must be aware of, they are brainwashing their kids with propaganda in order for their kids to be sheltered from the harsh realities that exist in existence.
Monday, November 2, 2009
American Sociological Association and Creationism
The American Sociological Association is group of researchers who focus on the sociological reasons that people do what they do, feel how they feel, and think how they think. It combines the whole "nature vs. nurture" argument, while also including such factors as age, gender, education, location, and more. The ASA are adamant supporters of including science in high school curriculum, and even stated that evolution should definitely be taught within the scientific field due to the amount of objective empirical data supporting its validity. With regards to religion being mentioned in classrooms, the ASA stated, "The ASA opposes proposals that promote, support, or advocate religious doctrines or ideologies in science education cirricula. Religious doctrines and ideology include, but are not limited to, the non-scientific notion of "creationism", including "intelligent design". They even go on to say that these beliefs are "cult beliefs". The article goes on to mention that evolution is crucial in the understanding of biological processes by young Americans, and to deny these ideas from being taught in class would lower science literacy rates and academic achievements. The ASA did mention that creationism as a social movement and pseudoscientific cognitive process is a legitimate scientific topic for studying social factors that influence social movements or documenting the social and behavioral correlates of cult belief.
Thursday, October 29, 2009
How To Set Up My Support
The body paragraphs need to resemble a sort of "skeleton" for an argument or idea, with the introduction and conclusion representing the backbone for this support. The debate I am writing about is related to the question "What are the sociological factors that leads to an individual or family to become a creationist. I think the appropriate way to set up this essay is to first give background information on the two groups of thought involved in the idea of the spark of life. These are the camp of evolutionist and the camp of creationists. After i set up a little background information about the foundation of these two opposing forces I want to highlight some examples of past arguments and panel discussions that have occurred regarding this topic. During these paragraphs I want to highlight the demographics that typically cling to these ideals, and the factors that allow a family to get intertwined in creationist thought. The whole while, i believe my examples and ideas will help to clarify how ludicrous creationist thought is and how sad it is how these individuals will live their lives denying human discovery and thought.
Possible Introduction
Ever since the dawn of time, when the first intelligent life walked the earth, humanity has struggled with how life, earth, and even the universe came to be. Early civilizations came to the conclusion that an omnipresent, supernatural being must have created all that exists in reality, even claiming the sun and water as dogmatic figures capable of such wondrous creation. As humanity became more and more sophisticated and pondered deeper into the reasoning for existence, religions came about to rally entire civilizations together and create a unified group of believers. Christianity grew after the fall of the city of Rome after its inhabitants faced terrible famine, brutal bloodshed, and debilitating diseases of bubonic proportions. Religion gives individuals the hope that existence on earth is to be followed by a euphoric afterlife if a life free of sin has been undertaken. Ever since the Renaissance when logic and reason fueled philosophical and scientific debates on the topic of religion, the brightest human minds have undertaken the arduous task of finding the 'center of creation'. In the past couple of centuries, the surge in technology and the advancements made in the scientific fields led to the idea of evolution as a progressive answer to the ultimate question. Sir Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species used meticulously drawn diagrams and pictures and fossil evidence to conclude that all organisms derived from a single organism, with the species most fit to survive a particular climate ultimately reproducing and remaining on earth. This process of mutations, also known as natural selection has been almost unanimously accepted by the scientific field to the dismay of many religious groups around the country. One particular religious group known as the creationists have completely denied that biological processes on the micro and macro levels spawned the evolution of animals. Creationists are strict believers in the bible, and believe that the only facts that exist concerning the start of life are present in the words of God as scribed in the Bible.
An Introduction to a Controversy
Ever since the dawn of time, when the first intelligent life walked the earth, humanity has struggled with how life, earth, and even the universe came to be. Early civilizations came to the conclusion that an omnipresent, supernatural being must have created all that exists in reality, even claiming the sun and water as dogmatic figures capable of such wondrous creation. As humanity became more and more sophisticated and pondered deeper into the reasoning for existence, religions came about to rally entire civilizations together and create a unified group of believers. Christianity grew after the fall of the city of Rome after its inhabitants faced terrible famine, brutal bloodshed, and debilitating diseases of bubonic proportions. Religion gives individuals the hope that existence on earth is to be followed by a euphoric afterlife if a life free of sin has been undertaken. Ever since the Renaissance when logic and reason fueled philosophical and scientific debates on the topic of religion, the brightest human minds have undertaken the arduous task of finding the 'center of creation'. In the past couple of centuries, the surge in technology and the advancements made in the scientific fields led to the idea of evolution as a progressive answer to the ultimate question. Sir Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species used meticulously drawn diagrams and pictures and fossil evidence to conclude that all organisms derived from a single organism, with the species most fit to survive a particular climate ultimately reproducing and remaining on earth. This process of mutations, also known as natural selection has been almost unanimously accepted by the scientific field to the dismay of many religious groups around the country. One particular religious group known as the creationists have completely denied that biological processes on the micro and macro levels spawned the evolution of animals. Creationists are strict believers in the bible, and believe that the only facts that exist concerning the start of life are present in the words of God as scribed in the Bible.
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Famous Quotes: Evolution and Creationism
The following quotations are excerpts debating the pro's and con's of evolution and creationism. Since i agree with all of the evolution quotes, I will only make small comments under each creationism quote.
Evolution
1.Evolution is both fact and theory. Creationism is neither. [Anonymous]
2.The fundamentalists deny that evolution has taken place; they deny that the earth and the universe as a whole are more than a few thousand years old, and so on. There is ample scientific evidence that the fundamentalists are wrong in these matters, and that their notions of cosmogony have about as much basis in fact as the Tooth Fairy has. [Isaac Asimov, quoted in 2000 Years of Disbelief, Famous People with the Courage to Doubt, by James A. Haught, Prometheus Books, 1996]
3.The proper place for the study of religious beliefs is in a church or temple, at home, or in a course on comparative religions, but not in a biology class. There is no place in our world for an ideology that seeks to close minds, force obedience, and return the world to a paradise that never was. Students should learn that the universe can be confronted and understood, that ideas and authority should be questioned, that an open mind is a good thing. Education does not exist to confirm people's superstitions, and children do not learn to think when they are fed only dogma." [Tim Berra, Evolution and the Myth of Creationism]
4.Fundamentalists long for the return of a more moral America, an America that may never have been. All around them they see what they perceive as declining morality and spirituality. They reason that if humans share ancestry with the other animals, we have no reason to behave as anything other than animals. This view neglects the fact that humans are the only known animals with the ability to contemplate the consequences of their own actions. It also fails to recognize that there is a great deal of good in the world, the nightly news notwithstanding. Crime existed long before the theory of evolution, even before the writing of the Bible, and biologists do not like crime any more than the creationists do. Evolutionary theory is not a license to run amok, and neither is a belief in the literal interpretation of the Bible a guarantor of moral behavior. [Tim Berra, Evolution and the Myth of Creationism]
5.No myth of miraculous creation is so marvelous as the face of man's evolution. [Robert Briffault (1876-1948) Rational Education,1930]
6.U.S. Adults (Gallup): humans didn't evolve, 46 percent; evolution guided by God, 40; evolution occurred by itself, 10 percent. [Quoted by Adam L. Carley, Free Inquiry, Fall 1994]
7.Religious fundamentalists alone are a huge popular grouping in the United States, which resembles pre-industrial societies in that regard. This is a culture in which three-fourths of the population believe in religious miracles, half believe in the devil, 83 percent believe that the Bible is the 'actual' or the inspired word of God, 39 percent believe in the Biblical prediction of Armageddon and 'accept it with a certain fatalism,' a mere 9 percent accept Darwinian evolution while 44 percent believe that 'God created man pretty much in his present form at one time within the last 10,000 years,' and so on. The 'God and Country rally' that opened the national Republican convention is one remarkable illustration, which aroused no little amazement in conservative circles in Europe. [Noam Chomsky, "'Mandate for Change,' or Business as Usual," Z Magazine, February 1993, pp. 32-33]
8.If today you can take a thing like evolution and make it a crime to teach in the public schools, tomorrow you can make it a crime to teach it in the private schools and next year you can make it a crime to teach it to the hustings or in the church. At the next session you may ban books and the newspapers... Ignorance and fanaticism are ever busy and need feeding. Always feeding and gloating for more. Today it is the public school teachers; tomorrow the private. The next day the preachers and the lecturers, the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, Your Honor, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until with flying banners and beating drums we are marching backward to the glorious ages of the sixteenth centry when bigots lighted fagots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind. [Clarence Darrow, at the Scopes Monkey Trial, 1925]
9.I suspect the reason is that most people [...] have a residue of feeling that Darwinian evolution isn't quite big enough to explain everything about life. All I can say as a biologist is that the feeling disappears progressively the more you read about and study what is known about life and evolution.
I want to add one thing more. The more you understand the significance of evolution, the more you are pushed away from the agnostic position and towards atheism. Complex, statistically improbable things are by their nature more difficult to explain than simple, statistically probable things." [Richard Dawkins, from the New Humanist, the Journal of the Rationalist Press Association, Vol 107 No 2]
10.The theory of evolution by cumulative natural selection is the only theory we know of that is in principle capable of explaining the existence of organized complexity. [Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1987), p. 317]
11.Telegraph: For God to create the universe he would have to be hyper- intelligent. But intelligence only evolves over time. Is that about the strength of it?
Dawkins: It's worse than that, the argument for God starts by assuming what it is attempting to explain -- intelligence, complexity, it comes to the same thing -- and so it explains nothing. God is a non-explanation. Whereas evolution by natural selection /is/ an explanation. It really does start simply and become complex.[Sunday Telegraph (UK) interview with Richard Dawkins, Sept. 26, 1999]
12.Evolution should be one of the first things you learn at school... and what do they [children] get instead? Sacred hearts and incense. Shallow, empty religion. [Sunday Telegraph (UK) interview with Richard Dawkins, Sept. 26, 1999]
Creationism
1.In a GQ profile of Pat Buchanan, journalist John Judis asks the presidential candidate his views about teaching creationism in school. 'Look, my view is, I believe God created heaven and earth,' said Buchanan. 'I think this: What ought to be taught as fact is what is known as fact. I don't believe it is demonstrably true that we have descended from apes. I don't believe it. I do not believe all that. [Leah Garchik, San Francisco Chronicle, 27 November 1995]
'theory' as a scientific term is fact mister Buchanan, you snake. Oh and nice evidence...looks like a blatant opinion to me.
2.All the ills from which America suffers can be traced to the teaching of evolution. [William Jennings Bryan]
All countries go through "ills". Look at the time period in which the bible you so religiously follow was scribed. This was a period when humans were treated like animals, and death dominated the war-torn landscapes.
3.Take a hard look at the Grand Canyon. Try to explain that through evolution. [Freddie Cash, net.fundie.idiot]
WOW. Glaciers. ice Age. years of water erosion.
4.i don't think evolution should be taught as a fact but as a theory that some people believe in. i don't really know about this though, i haven't thought about it really but there's no way it should be taught as the truth. [Mark Goodwin, on talk.origins, 10/17/1994]
Good evidence. As most religious people can vow for, evidence is not necessary to differentiate fact from fable.
5.[as for evolution]....cutting out the sections [on the subject] is preferrable if the portions are not thick enough to cause damage to the spine of the book as it is opened and closed in normal use. When the sections needing correction are too thick, paste the pages together being careful not to smear portions of the book not intended for correction. [R.E. Martin, American creationist, in Reviewing and Correcting Encyclopaedias (1983: 205-7), instructing followers to censor books that don't follow creation dogma]
This pretty much sums up creationists. They want to guard human beings from understanding the world. they want the world to return to a more moral time period. morality was prescribed by humans, not god. What is deemed as moral? ANSWER: what humans have written as normal!
6.CEE is opposed to censoring such things as the true Christian history of our nation and the scientific evidence that renders macro-evolution impossible. Both of these have been extensively censored. We do support rejection or removal of obscene, morbid and unhealthy materials. [David Muralt, Texas Director of Citizens for Excellence in Education, from Feb. 7, 1994 Austin American-Statesman]
macro-evolution in itself is a culmination of underlying micro-evolution. Your idea about god creating the earth from nothing is the opitimy of macro-evolution. Censorship...a common theme in creationist thought. I would rather live in a world of full exposure to human tendencies than be sequestered in an existence with a predetermined belief in an unproven dogma.
7.Your sweet little book is a bizarre collection of out-of-context quotations, misquotations, misleading quotations, non sequiturs, errors of fact and just about every other dirty intellectual trick known to man. [Tim O'Neill, on the JW's anti-evolution book]
In this he is talking about scientific writing. Well Tim O'Neill you dumbass, read the bible or any religous text. It appears as if they were written by chimps. Also read any quotes from creationists. Not too eloquent or well-written in my opinion.
8.Evolution is a bankrupt speculative philosophy, not a scientific fact. Only a spiritually bankrupt society could ever believe it. ... Only atheists could accept this Satanic theory. [Rev. Jimmy Swaggart]
Satanic? Really? So the need to understand things and try and make sense of things is satanic? religion itself stems from the desire to explain the earth, you hypocrite. The world would be way better off if it were spiritually bankrupt.
9.Section 49-6-1012. No teacher or administrator in a local education agency shall teach the theory of evolution except as a scientific theory. Any teacher or administrator teaching such theory as fact commits insubordination, as defined in Section 49-5-5 01(s)(6), and shall be dismissed or suspended as provided in Section 49-5-511. [Tennessee Bill HB2972 (House), SB 3229 (Senate), introducted by Tennesse Rep. Zene Whitson, considered by the House Education Committee, and the K-12 Subcommittee of the Senate Education Committee, on February 21, 1996]
Tennessee, statistically the third lowest literacy rate, and the fifth highest number of high school dropouts amongst 15-18 year olds. ENOUGH SAID.
10.A second possible thing that creationists might look for is some kind of instrument that will detect darkness. It is my conclusion, based on [scripture] that darkness is a positive thing. [Richard Niessen, Professor, Christian Heritage College]
What? I do not even understand how this supports creationism. Isn't darkness the ominous sign of the devil.
Evolution
1.Evolution is both fact and theory. Creationism is neither. [Anonymous]
2.The fundamentalists deny that evolution has taken place; they deny that the earth and the universe as a whole are more than a few thousand years old, and so on. There is ample scientific evidence that the fundamentalists are wrong in these matters, and that their notions of cosmogony have about as much basis in fact as the Tooth Fairy has. [Isaac Asimov, quoted in 2000 Years of Disbelief, Famous People with the Courage to Doubt, by James A. Haught, Prometheus Books, 1996]
3.The proper place for the study of religious beliefs is in a church or temple, at home, or in a course on comparative religions, but not in a biology class. There is no place in our world for an ideology that seeks to close minds, force obedience, and return the world to a paradise that never was. Students should learn that the universe can be confronted and understood, that ideas and authority should be questioned, that an open mind is a good thing. Education does not exist to confirm people's superstitions, and children do not learn to think when they are fed only dogma." [Tim Berra, Evolution and the Myth of Creationism]
4.Fundamentalists long for the return of a more moral America, an America that may never have been. All around them they see what they perceive as declining morality and spirituality. They reason that if humans share ancestry with the other animals, we have no reason to behave as anything other than animals. This view neglects the fact that humans are the only known animals with the ability to contemplate the consequences of their own actions. It also fails to recognize that there is a great deal of good in the world, the nightly news notwithstanding. Crime existed long before the theory of evolution, even before the writing of the Bible, and biologists do not like crime any more than the creationists do. Evolutionary theory is not a license to run amok, and neither is a belief in the literal interpretation of the Bible a guarantor of moral behavior. [Tim Berra, Evolution and the Myth of Creationism]
5.No myth of miraculous creation is so marvelous as the face of man's evolution. [Robert Briffault (1876-1948) Rational Education,1930]
6.U.S. Adults (Gallup): humans didn't evolve, 46 percent; evolution guided by God, 40; evolution occurred by itself, 10 percent. [Quoted by Adam L. Carley, Free Inquiry, Fall 1994]
7.Religious fundamentalists alone are a huge popular grouping in the United States, which resembles pre-industrial societies in that regard. This is a culture in which three-fourths of the population believe in religious miracles, half believe in the devil, 83 percent believe that the Bible is the 'actual' or the inspired word of God, 39 percent believe in the Biblical prediction of Armageddon and 'accept it with a certain fatalism,' a mere 9 percent accept Darwinian evolution while 44 percent believe that 'God created man pretty much in his present form at one time within the last 10,000 years,' and so on. The 'God and Country rally' that opened the national Republican convention is one remarkable illustration, which aroused no little amazement in conservative circles in Europe. [Noam Chomsky, "'Mandate for Change,' or Business as Usual," Z Magazine, February 1993, pp. 32-33]
8.If today you can take a thing like evolution and make it a crime to teach in the public schools, tomorrow you can make it a crime to teach it in the private schools and next year you can make it a crime to teach it to the hustings or in the church. At the next session you may ban books and the newspapers... Ignorance and fanaticism are ever busy and need feeding. Always feeding and gloating for more. Today it is the public school teachers; tomorrow the private. The next day the preachers and the lecturers, the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, Your Honor, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until with flying banners and beating drums we are marching backward to the glorious ages of the sixteenth centry when bigots lighted fagots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind. [Clarence Darrow, at the Scopes Monkey Trial, 1925]
9.I suspect the reason is that most people [...] have a residue of feeling that Darwinian evolution isn't quite big enough to explain everything about life. All I can say as a biologist is that the feeling disappears progressively the more you read about and study what is known about life and evolution.
I want to add one thing more. The more you understand the significance of evolution, the more you are pushed away from the agnostic position and towards atheism. Complex, statistically improbable things are by their nature more difficult to explain than simple, statistically probable things." [Richard Dawkins, from the New Humanist, the Journal of the Rationalist Press Association, Vol 107 No 2]
10.The theory of evolution by cumulative natural selection is the only theory we know of that is in principle capable of explaining the existence of organized complexity. [Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1987), p. 317]
11.Telegraph: For God to create the universe he would have to be hyper- intelligent. But intelligence only evolves over time. Is that about the strength of it?
Dawkins: It's worse than that, the argument for God starts by assuming what it is attempting to explain -- intelligence, complexity, it comes to the same thing -- and so it explains nothing. God is a non-explanation. Whereas evolution by natural selection /is/ an explanation. It really does start simply and become complex.[Sunday Telegraph (UK) interview with Richard Dawkins, Sept. 26, 1999]
12.Evolution should be one of the first things you learn at school... and what do they [children] get instead? Sacred hearts and incense. Shallow, empty religion. [Sunday Telegraph (UK) interview with Richard Dawkins, Sept. 26, 1999]
Creationism
1.In a GQ profile of Pat Buchanan, journalist John Judis asks the presidential candidate his views about teaching creationism in school. 'Look, my view is, I believe God created heaven and earth,' said Buchanan. 'I think this: What ought to be taught as fact is what is known as fact. I don't believe it is demonstrably true that we have descended from apes. I don't believe it. I do not believe all that. [Leah Garchik, San Francisco Chronicle, 27 November 1995]
'theory' as a scientific term is fact mister Buchanan, you snake. Oh and nice evidence...looks like a blatant opinion to me.
2.All the ills from which America suffers can be traced to the teaching of evolution. [William Jennings Bryan]
All countries go through "ills". Look at the time period in which the bible you so religiously follow was scribed. This was a period when humans were treated like animals, and death dominated the war-torn landscapes.
3.Take a hard look at the Grand Canyon. Try to explain that through evolution. [Freddie Cash, net.fundie.idiot]
WOW. Glaciers. ice Age. years of water erosion.
4.i don't think evolution should be taught as a fact but as a theory that some people believe in. i don't really know about this though, i haven't thought about it really but there's no way it should be taught as the truth. [Mark Goodwin, on talk.origins, 10/17/1994]
Good evidence. As most religious people can vow for, evidence is not necessary to differentiate fact from fable.
5.[as for evolution]....cutting out the sections [on the subject] is preferrable if the portions are not thick enough to cause damage to the spine of the book as it is opened and closed in normal use. When the sections needing correction are too thick, paste the pages together being careful not to smear portions of the book not intended for correction. [R.E. Martin, American creationist, in Reviewing and Correcting Encyclopaedias (1983: 205-7), instructing followers to censor books that don't follow creation dogma]
This pretty much sums up creationists. They want to guard human beings from understanding the world. they want the world to return to a more moral time period. morality was prescribed by humans, not god. What is deemed as moral? ANSWER: what humans have written as normal!
6.CEE is opposed to censoring such things as the true Christian history of our nation and the scientific evidence that renders macro-evolution impossible. Both of these have been extensively censored. We do support rejection or removal of obscene, morbid and unhealthy materials. [David Muralt, Texas Director of Citizens for Excellence in Education, from Feb. 7, 1994 Austin American-Statesman]
macro-evolution in itself is a culmination of underlying micro-evolution. Your idea about god creating the earth from nothing is the opitimy of macro-evolution. Censorship...a common theme in creationist thought. I would rather live in a world of full exposure to human tendencies than be sequestered in an existence with a predetermined belief in an unproven dogma.
7.Your sweet little book is a bizarre collection of out-of-context quotations, misquotations, misleading quotations, non sequiturs, errors of fact and just about every other dirty intellectual trick known to man. [Tim O'Neill, on the JW's anti-evolution book]
In this he is talking about scientific writing. Well Tim O'Neill you dumbass, read the bible or any religous text. It appears as if they were written by chimps. Also read any quotes from creationists. Not too eloquent or well-written in my opinion.
8.Evolution is a bankrupt speculative philosophy, not a scientific fact. Only a spiritually bankrupt society could ever believe it. ... Only atheists could accept this Satanic theory. [Rev. Jimmy Swaggart]
Satanic? Really? So the need to understand things and try and make sense of things is satanic? religion itself stems from the desire to explain the earth, you hypocrite. The world would be way better off if it were spiritually bankrupt.
9.Section 49-6-1012. No teacher or administrator in a local education agency shall teach the theory of evolution except as a scientific theory. Any teacher or administrator teaching such theory as fact commits insubordination, as defined in Section 49-5-5 01(s)(6), and shall be dismissed or suspended as provided in Section 49-5-511. [Tennessee Bill HB2972 (House), SB 3229 (Senate), introducted by Tennesse Rep. Zene Whitson, considered by the House Education Committee, and the K-12 Subcommittee of the Senate Education Committee, on February 21, 1996]
Tennessee, statistically the third lowest literacy rate, and the fifth highest number of high school dropouts amongst 15-18 year olds. ENOUGH SAID.
10.A second possible thing that creationists might look for is some kind of instrument that will detect darkness. It is my conclusion, based on [scripture] that darkness is a positive thing. [Richard Niessen, Professor, Christian Heritage College]
What? I do not even understand how this supports creationism. Isn't darkness the ominous sign of the devil.
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